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- !== BROWSING-Config.txt for Samba release 2.0.7 26 Apr 2000
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- Date: July 5, 1998
- Contributor: John H Terpstra <jht@samba.org>
-
- Subject: Cross Subnet Browsing / Cross Workgroup Browsing
- ===============================================================================
-
- OVERVIEW:
- =========
-
- This document should be read in conjunction with BROWSING.txt and may
- be taken as the fast track guide to implementing browsing across subnets
- and / or across workgroups (or domains). WINS is the best tool for resolution
- of NetBIOS names to IP addesses. WINS is NOT involved in browse list handling
- except by way of name to address mapping.
-
-
- DISCUSSION:
- ===========
-
- Firstly, all MS Windows networking is based on SMB (Server Message
- Block) based messaging. SMB messaging is implemented using NetBIOS. Samba
- implements NetBIOS by encapsulating it over TCP/IP. MS Windows products can
- do likewise. NetBIOS based networking uses broadcast messaging to affect
- browse list management. When running NetBIOS over TCP/IP this uses UDP
- based messaging. UDP messages can be broadcast or unicast.
-
- Normally, only unicast UDP messaging can be forwarded by routers. The
- "remote announce" parameter to smb.conf helps to project browse announcements
- to remote network segments via unicast UDP. Similarly, the "remote browse sync"
- parameter of smb.conf implements browse list collation using unicast UDP.
-
- Secondly, in those networks where Samba is the only SMB server technology
- wherever possible nmbd should be configured on one (1) machine as the WINS
- server. This makes it easy to manage the browsing environment. If each network
- segment is configured with it's own Samba WINS server, then the only way to
- get cross segment browsing to work is by using the "remote announce" and
- the "remote browse sync" parameters to your smb.conf file.
-
- If only one WINS server is used then the use of the "remote announce" and the
- "remote browse sync" parameters should NOT be necessary.
-
- Samba WINS does not support MS-WINS replication. This means that when setting up
- Samba as a WINS server there must only be one nmbd configured as a WINS server
- on the network. Some sites have used multiple Samba WINS servers for redundancy
- (one server per subnet) and then used "remote browse sync" and "remote announce"
- to affect browse list collation across all segments. Note that this means
- clients will only resolve local names, and must be configured to use DNS to
- resolve names on other subnets in order to resolve the IP addresses of the
- servers they can see on other subnets. This setup is not recommended, but is
- mentioned as a practical consideration (ie: an 'if all else fails' scenario).
-
- Lastly, take note that browse lists are a collection of unreliable broadcast
- messages that are repeated at intervals of not more than 15 minutes. This means
- that it will take time to establish a browse list and it can take up to 45
- minutes to stabilise, particularly across network segments.
-
-
- A) Use of the "Remote Announce" parameter
- ------------------------------------------
- The "remote announce" parameter of smb.conf can be used to forcibly ensure
- that all the NetBIOS names on a network get announced to a remote network.
- The syntax of the "remote announce" parameter is:
-
- remote announce = a.b.c.d [e.f.g.h] ...
- _or_
- remote announce = a.b.c.d/WORKGROUP [e.f.g.h/WORKGROUP] ...
-
- where:
- a.b.c.d: is either the LMB (Local Master Browser) IP address
- e.f.g.h: or the broadcst address of the remote network.
- ie: the LMB is at 192.168.1.10, or the address
- could be given as 192.168.1.255 where the netmask
- is assumed to be 24 bits (255.255.255.0).
- When the remote announcement is made to the broadcast
- address of the remote network every host will receive
- our announcements. This is noisy and therefore
- undesirable but may be necessary if we do NOT know
- the IP address of the remote LMB.
-
- WORKGROUP: is optional and can be either our own workgroup
- or that of the remote network. If you use the
- workgroup name of the remote network then our
- NetBIOS machine names will end up looking like
- they belong to that workgroup, this may cause
- name resolution problems and should be avoided.
-
-
- B) Use of the "Remote Browse Sync" parameter
- --------------------------------------------
-
- The "remote browse sync" parameter of smb.conf is used to announce to
- another LMB that it must synchronise it's NetBIOS name list with our
- Samba LMB. It works ONLY if the Samba server that has this option is
- simultaneously the LMB on it's network segment.
-
- The syntax of the "remote browse sync" parameter is:
-
- remote browse sync = a.b.c.d
-
- where:
- a.b.c.d: is either the IP address of the remote LMB or else
- is the network broadcast address of the remote segment.
-
-
- C) Use of WINS
- --------------
-
- Use of WINS (either Samba WINS _or_ MS Windows NT Server WINS) is highly
- recommended. Every NetBIOS machine registers it's name together with a
- name_type value for each of of several types of service it has available.
- eg: It registers it's name directly as a unique (the type 0x03) name.
- It also registers it's name if it is running the lanmanager compatible
- server service (used to make shares and printers available to other users)
- by registering the server (the type 0x20) name.
-
- All NetBIOS names are up to 15 characters in length. The name_type variable
- is added to the end of the name - thus creating a 16 character name. Any
- name that is shorter than 15 characters is padded with spaces to the 15th
- character. ie: All NetBIOS names are 16 characters long (including the
- name_type information).
-
- WINS can store these 16 character names as they get registered. A client
- that wants to log onto the network can ask the WINS server for a list
- of all names that have registered the NetLogon service name_type. This saves
- broadcast traffic and greatly expedites logon processing. Since broadcast
- name resolution can not be used across network segments this type of
- information can only be provided via WINS _or_ via statically configured
- "lmhosts" files that must reside on all clients in the absence of WINS.
-
- WINS also serves the purpose of forcing browse list synchronisation by all
- LMB's. LMB's must synchronise their browse list with the DMB (domain master
- browser) and WINS helps the LMB to identify it's DMB. By definition this
- will work only within a single workgroup. Note that the domain master browser
- has NOTHING to do with what is referred to as an MS Windows NT Domain. The
- later is a reference to a security environment while the DMB refers to the
- master controller for browse list information only.
-
- Use of WINS will work correctly only if EVERY client TCP/IP protocol stack
- has been configured to use the WINS server/s. Any client that has not been
- configured to use the WINS server will continue to use only broadcast based
- name registration so that WINS may NEVER get to know about it. In any case,
- machines that have not registered with a WINS server will fail name to address
- lookup attempts by other clients and will therefore cause workstation access
- errors.
-
- To configure Samba as a WINS server just add "wins support = yes" to the
- smb.conf file [globals] section.
-
- To configure Samba to register with a WINS server just add
- "wins server = a.b.c.d" to your smb.conf file [globals] section.
-
- DO NOT EVER use both "wins support = yes" together with "wins server = a.b.c.d"
- particularly not using it's own IP address.
-
-
- D) Do NOT use more than one (1) protocol on MS Windows machines
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A very common cause of browsing problems results from installing more than
- one protocol on an MS Windows machine.
-
- Every NetBIOS machine take part in a process of electing the LMB (and DMB)
- every 15 minutes. A set of election criteria is used to determine the order
- of precidence for winning this election process. A machine running Samba or
- Windows NT will be biased so that the most suitable machine will predictably
- win and thus retain it's role.
-
- The election process is "fought out" so to speak over every NetBIOS network
- interface. In the case of a Windows 9x machine that has both TCP/IP and IPX
- installed and has NetBIOS enabled over both protocols the election will be
- decided over both protocols. As often happens, if the Windows 9x machine is
- the only one with both protocols then the LMB may be won on the NetBIOS
- interface over the IPX protocol. Samba will then lose the LMB role as Windows
- 9x will insist it knows who the LMB is. Samba will then cease to function
- as an LMB and thus browse list operation on all TCP/IP only machines will
- fail.
-
- The safest rule of all to follow it this - USE ONLY ONE PROTOCOL!
-
-
- E) Name Resolution Order
- ========================
-
- Resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses can take place using a number
- of methods. The only ones that can provide NetBIOS name_type information
- are:
- WINS: the best tool!
- LMHOSTS: is static and hard to maintain.
- Broadcast: uses UDP and can not resolve names across
- remote segments.
-
- Alternative means of name resolution includes:
- /etc/hosts: is static, hard to maintain, and lacks name_type info.
- DNS: is a good choice but lacks essential name_type info.
-
- Many sites want to restrict DNS lookups and want to avoid broadcast name
- resolution traffic. The "name resolve order" parameter is of great help here.
- The syntax of the "name resolve order" parameter is:
-
- name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast host
- _or_
- name resolve order = wins lmhosts (eliminates bcast and host)
-
- the default is:
- name resolve order = host lmhost wins bcast
-
- where:
- "host" refers the the native methods used by the Unix system
- to implement the gethostbyname() function call. This is normally
- controlled by:
- /etc/host.conf
- /etc/nsswitch.conf
- /etc/resolv.conf
-
- ===============================================================================
-